Abstract
Urban informal settlements concentrate health risks that are commonly studied in isolation even though residents experience them simultaneously. This critical narrative review examines the interaction of psychological, physical and social risks in Kenya’s urban informal settlements and develops an applied framework for integrated health-equity action. Evidence was synthesised from peer-reviewed scholarship, World Health Organization guidance, UN-Habitat reports, Kenyan policy documents and development-programme materials. Current global estimates indicate that approximately 1.16 billion people live in slums or informal settlements, while recent urban-health guidance identifies inadequate housing, water and sanitation, unsafe mobility, air pollution, violence, food insecurity and weak access to services as interacting determinants of illness. In Kenya, overcrowding, insecure tenure, flooding, waste accumulation, unstable livelihoods, gender-based violence and limited financial protection shape a syndemic pattern in which mental distress, communicable diseases, injuries, malnutrition and non-communicable diseases reinforce one another. The review finds that fragmented disease-specific responses are poorly matched to this multidimensional risk environment. Effective action requires settlement upgrading, resilient water and sanitation systems, integrated primary and mental health care, financial protection, violence prevention, climate adaptation, social protection, secure tenure and meaningful community participation. The paper proposes a four-layer Urban Informal Settlement Health-Equity Framework linking household vulnerability, neighbourhood exposures, service-system capacity and structural governance. It concludes that health improvement depends not only on delivering clinical services but also on changing the social, environmental and institutional conditions that generate unequal exposure and unequal recovery.
Publication details
Article URL: https://www.nijamss.org/articles/nijamss-v1s1-may2026-004/
Full-text PDF: https://www.nijamss.org/articles/nijamss-v1s1-may2026-004/full-text.pdf
References
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Citation
Dr. Daniel A. Otwori, PhD. Beyond Disease Control: An Integrated Health-Equity Framework for Psychological, Physical and Social Risks in Kenya’s Urban Informal Settlements. Nexus International Journal of Applied Science, Medicine and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue 1, May 2026.